1. Microorganisms for household products -
Microorganisms such as Lactobacillus and those called lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grow in milk and are converted into curdling. LAB coagulates milk proteins and generates partially digested acids. It also improves the quality of nutrition by increasing vitamin B12. Even in our stomach, LAB plays a very useful role in the examination of diseases that cause microorganisms.
Dosa and idli are also fermented by bacteria. The dough used to make bread is fermented using baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Fermentation by microorganisms creates many traditional drinks and foods. "Toddy" is a traditional drink in South India, made by fermenting moisture from the palm.
Microorganisms are also used to ferment fish, soybeans and bamboo shoots to make food. Cheese is one of the oldest foods microorganisms were used. A large hole in Swiss cheese is due to the production of large amounts of CO 2 by the bacterium Propionibacterium sharmanii. Roquefort cheese & # 39; mature by nurturing certain fungi to them and give a specific flavor.
2. Microorganisms of industrial products -
In the industry, microorganisms are used to synthesize many products of value to man. Beverages and antibiotics are some examples. For production on an industrial scale, it is necessary to grow microorganisms in very large containers called fermenters.
A) Fermented beverage -
Microorganisms such as yeast are used for the production of beverages such as wine, beer, whiskey, brandy or rum. The same yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for bread making is called brewing yeast and is used to ferment malt grains and fruit juice and produce ethanol. Wine and beer are produced without distillation, whiskey, brandy and rum are produced by distillation of fermented broth.
B) antibiotic -
Anti is Greek, meaning "life", "life" means life. (In the context of diseased tissue). On the other hand, referring to humans, they are life. It is not against. Antibiotics are chemical substances that are produced by several microorganisms and can kill or delay other (pathogenic) microorganisms.
Alexander Fleming, who worked with Staphylococci fungi, observed mold growth on one of the unwashed culture plates that could not grow staphylococci. He knew that it was attributed to the chemical produced by mold and named penicillin type name penicillin in the form of Penicillium notatum. Its potential as an effective antibiotic was established by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey. This antibiotic was used unnecessarily to treat US soldiers who were injured in the Second World War. Fleming, Chain, Flory won the Noble Award in 1945 for this discovery.
Antibiotics greatly improves the ability to treat deadly diseases such as epidemics used to kill millions of people worldwide, pertussis, gal ghotu, leprosy (kusht rog), etc. did. Today, we can not imagine a world without antibiotics.
C) Chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules -
- Aspergillus niger (Fungus) produces citric acid,
- Acetobacter aceti (Bacteria) produce acetic acid
- Clostridium butyricum (Bacteria) produce butyric acid
- Lactobacillus (bacteria) produces lactic acid.
- Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) Is used for the commercial production of ethanol.
- Enzymes such as lipase are used in detergent formulations and are useful for removing oily soils from laundry. Bottle juice is clarified by use of pectinase and protease.
- Streptokinase produced by bacteria Streptococci Those modified by genetic engineering are used as coagulum busters. It is used to remove clots from blood vessels of myocardial infarction patients who have suffered myocardial infarction.
- Cyclosporine A, which is used as an immunosuppressant for organ transplant patients, is produced by fungi Trichoderma polysporum .
- Statins produced by yeast Moncas purineplus It is commercially available as a blood cholesterol lowering agent. It acts by competitively inhibiting enzymes responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol.
3. M Microorganisms in sewage treatment -
City drainage including human excreta is also called sewage. It contains a large amount of organic matter and microorganisms. Many of them are pathogenic. It can not be discharged directly to natural waters such as rivers and rivers. Prior to disposal, wastewater is treated at sewage treatment plants (STPs) to reduce contamination. Treatment of wastewater is carried out by heterotrophic bacteria naturally present in sewage. This process is carried out in two stages:
Primary treatment : These processing steps basically involve physically removing large and small particles from sewage by filtration and sedimentation. These will be deleted in stages. Initially, floating debris is removed by sequential filtration. After that, sediment removes earth and sand and small pebbles. All sedimented solids form primary sludge and the supernatant forms effluent. The effluent from the primary settling tank is collected for secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment or biological treatment : The primary effluent is transferred to a large amount of aeration tank, mechanically vigorously agitated and air is pumped into it. This makes it possible to grow beneficial aerobic microorganisms in flock (a mass of bacteria associated with fungal filaments). During growth, these microorganisms continue the major part of the organic matter in the effluent. This significantly reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent. BOD refers to the amount of oxygen that will be consumed if all the organic matter contained in 1 liter of water is oxidized by bacteria. The sewage-treated BOD is decreasing. The BOD test measures oxygen uptake by microorganisms in water samples and therefore indirectly BOD is a measure of organic matter present in water. The greater the BOD of wastewater, the higher the possibility of contamination. Once the BOD of sewage or wastewater has drastically decreased, the effluent is passed through a settler where it is allowed to sediment the bacteria (this sediment is called activated sludge. A small part is pumped back into the aeration tank and functions as an inoculum The most remaining sludge is fed into a large tank called anaerobic sludge digester where it grows anaerobically Other types of bacteria digest bacteria and fungi in the sludge During this digestion bacteria produce mixtures of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, etc. These gases form biogas, Because it is flammable it can be used as an energy source.
4. M Microorganisms in biogas production -
Biogas is a mixture of fuels (mainly methane) produced by microorganisms and can be used as fuel. Certain bacteria growing anaerobically on cellulosic materials produce large amounts of methane with CO 2 and H 2. These bacteria are collectively called methanogen, and one such common bacterium Methanobacterium. These bacteria are found in anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment. These bacteria are also present in bovine rumen (part of the stomach). Many cellulosic substances present in bovine food are also present in the rumen. In the rumen, these bacteria help decompose cellulose and play an important role in the nutrition of cattle. Thus, cattle excreta (feces), commonly referred to as gooba (gobar), are abundant in these bacteria. Dung can be used to generate biogas, commonly referred to as Gorbergas.
The biogas plant consists of concrete tanks (10-15 ft deep), where bio waste is collected and slurry of dirt is supplied. A floating cover is placed on the slurry and continues to rise as gas is generated in the tank due to the activity of microorganisms. The biogas plant has an outlet, which is connected to piping that supplies biogas to nearby houses. The used slurry is removed from another outlet and can be used as a fertilizer. Cows can use cattle cattle in large quantities in rural areas that are used for various purposes. Biogas plants will be even more after being built in rural areas. The biogas produced in this way is used for cooking and lighting.
Biogas production technology was developed in India mainly by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Kadi & Village Industries Committee (KVIC) efforts.
5. M Microorganism as biocontrol agent -
Biological control reference to the use of biological methods to control plant diseases and pests. The use of chemical substances such as insecticides and insecticides brings about great damage. These chemicals are also poisonous and extremely harmful to human animals and animals and are contaminating our environment (soil, groundwater), fruits, vegetables and crops. Our soil is also contaminated by the use of herbicides to remove weeds.
Biological control of pests and diseases : It is a method of controlling pests related to natural predation rather than introducing chemical substances. The main belief of organic farmers is that biodiversity improves health. Organic farmers are creating systems that are not eradicated by insects, sometimes called pests, but are kept at a manageable level through a complex check-balancing system within living ecosystems. This is a comprehensive approach to understanding the web of interactions among millions of organizations that cultivate wild animals and plants.
A very well-known beetle with a trace of red and black is useful for removing aphids and mosquitoes.
An example of a microbial biocontrol agent that can be introduced to control butterfly caterpillars is the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (often described as Bt). They are mixed with water and available in sashes as dry spores sprayed on fragile plants such as brush and fruit trees that can be eaten by insect larvae. Toxin is released in the intestines of larvae, larvae are killed.
The biological control developed for use in treating plant diseases is the fungus Trichoderma. Trichoderma spp. Is a very common free organism in root system ecosystems. Baculovirus genus (Nucleopolyhedrovirus genus) is a pathogen that attacks insects and other arthropods. These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific and narrow spectrum insecticide applications. Beneficial insects are maintained to support an integrated comprehensive pest management (IPM) program, or when ecologically sensitive areas are being treated.
6. Microorganisms as Biofertilizer -
Biofertilisers are creatures that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biological fertilizers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria.
- Root nodules of leguminous plants formed by the symbiotic relationship of Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to the organism, and the plant uses it as a nutrient. Other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen during free life in the soil (examples of Azospirillum and Azotobacter), enrich the soil nitrogen content.
- Fungi are also known to form symbiotic relationships with plants (mycorrhiza). Many members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhiza. Fungal symbiotic organisms in these relationships absorb phosphorus from the soil and hand it to the plant. Plants with such associations also show other benefits such as resistance to rooted pathogens, tolerance to salinity and tolerance, and overall increase in plant growth and development.
- Cyanobacteria is an autotrophic microorganism that is widely distributed in aquatic organisms and terrestrial environments that can fix a lot of atmospheric nitrogen such as Anabena, Nostoc, Oscillator. In paddy fields, cyanobacteria function as important biofertilizer. Blue green algae also add organic matter to the soil and increase fertility. Currently, in Japan, many biofertilizers are on the market, and farmers regularly use these on farms to reduce dependency on soil nutrition and chemical fertilizer.
Important terms -
Fermenter - To produce beverages and antibiotics on an industrial scale, it is necessary to grow microorganisms in very large containers called fermenters.
Antibiotics - Antibiotics are chemical substances that are produced by some microorganisms and can kill or delay other (pathogenic) microorganisms.
Primary treatment : The sewage treatment process that physically removes large and small particles is called primary treatment from sewage to filtration and sedimentation.
Secondary treatment or biological treatment : After primary treatment, transfer the primary effluent to the large aeration tank, constantly mechanically agitate and pump the air in relation to the fungal filaments to form a network).
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) - BOD refers to the amount of oxygen that will be consumed if all the organic matter in 1 liter of water is oxidized by the bacteria.
Liquefaction phenomenon - Once the BOD of sewage or wastewater has drastically decreased, the effluent is transferred to a settler where it is permitted to sediment bacteria (this sediment is called activated sludge.
Anaerobic sludge digestion system - A small portion of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank and functions as an inoculum. Most of the remaining sludge is sent to a large tank called anaerobic sludge digester. Anaerobic bacteria and fungi digest sludge.
Methanogen - Certain bacteria growing anaerobically with cellulosic materials produce large amounts of methane with CO 2 and H 2. These bacteria are collectively called methanogen.
Bio-control referrer The invention relates to the use of biological methods (using natural predation biological agents) to control plant diseases and pests, rather than using chemicals.
Biofertilizer - In agriculture, biofertilizer is an organism that enriches the nutrient quality of soil.
Organic farming Agriculture using only biological fertilizer is called organic cultivation because there is contamination problem accompanying overuse of chemical fertilizer. The main sources of biological fertilizers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria.
Maikoza - Symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi that help plants absorb phosphorus from the soil are called mycorrhizae. Many members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhiza.
Cyanobacteria -Cyanobacteria is an autotrophic bacterium that is widely distributed in aquatic organisms and terrestrial environment that can fix a lot of atmospheric nitrogen such as Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria.
Anup Singh Yadav M. Sc. M.Ed. M. Phil. NET instructor's biology
